THE IMPORTANCE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES: FROM ABOLITION TO THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1865-1968)

 

Santi Dame Mawarni1, Eko Ribawati2, Tubagus Noeriman Achmad Sumantri3

Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtyasa

sandemm2@gmail.com

 


Abstract:

This research aims to understand the importance of the human rights movement in the United States from the abolition period to the civil rights movement. Descriptive qualitative methods were used to gain an in-depth understanding of the impact and social changes produced by this movement. The research results show that the human rights movement has had a significant impact on the fight for equality and eliminating racial discrimination in the United States. During the abolition period, this movement aimed to abolish the existing system of slavery, and through peaceful actions, demonstrations, and campaigns, this movement succeeded in raising public awareness of the importance of human rights. During the civil rights movement, the movement became broader and aimed to fight for civil, political, and social rights for all citizens of the United States regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background. Through this movement, significant legislative and court decisions have been produced, such as the Brown v. Browns decision—Board of Education in 1954, which overturned racial segregation in schools. The importance of the human rights movement is also seen in the social and cultural changes it produced. Americans are becoming more aware of the importance of respecting human rights and upholding the values of equality. The results of this research emphasize that this movement not only influenced the United States at that time but also had a long-term impact in promoting equality and human rights worldwide. Through this research, we can better understand the importance of the civil rights movement in the United States and its contribution to profound social change. This research also shows its relevance in the current context, where human rights issues are still a significant concern in global society.

 

Keywords: Human Rights, United States, Abolition

           

Corresponding: Author's name

Email: Author's email

 

INTRODUCTION

The civil rights movement in the United States has a long and complex history. From the abolition period to the civil rights movement, the fight for human rights has been an integral part of this country's history. During this period, significant social and political changes shaped views and policies regarding human rights in the United States. This article will discuss the importance of the civil rights movement in the United States from the abolition period to the civil rights movement between 1865 to 1968.

The human rights movement in the United States has a vital role in fighting for equality and justice for all United States citizens, regardless of their race or ethnicity. This movement began in the abolition period in the Middle Ages 19th century when the activists fought To end relations in America United.

In 1865, War You America ended with victory UNI and validation. The 13th Amendment was abolished forever throughout the country. However, although waste in a way officially abolished, discrimination, race, And violation of rights are banned. This is what drives the birth movement's proper civil purpose to fight for equality rights for all inhabitants of America United.

Movement rights peaked in the 1960s with leadership figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, and Many others. Movement this involves action, protest, peace, campaign law, and political effort To end segregation, discrimination, selector, and violence against inhabitants of skin black.

During this period, the movement for the rights of essential humans in the American Union reached several significant achievements. In 1954, the ruling Court in Brown v. The Board of Education decided that segregation and racism in schools in general is No constitutional. Decision This opened the door for the integration of racism in schools and became No important in the struggle for equality.

In 1964, the Congress of the American Union validated the Constitution's Right to Civil prohibition of discrimination in various fields, including education, employment, and housing. Constitution this gives protection strong law for the inhabitant country American Union from all forms of racial discrimination.

Besides that, movement rights essential humans in the American Union Also influence change in society and politics in other countries. Movement This inspired the movement rights essential humans worldwide and helped fight for equality and justice in various countries.

 

METHOD

The method used in this article uses descriptive research, or literature study, which is a method that involves collecting data to understand and study theories from various works of literature related to the topic being discussed. There are four stages of literature study in research, namely preparing the necessary equipment, preparing a work bibliography, organizing time, and reading or taking notes on research materials (according to Zed, 2004). The data storage in question uses methods of searching and collecting information from various sources, including books, journals, and previously completed research projects. Library materials from various references must be analyzed critically and presented to support proposals and ideas. Qualitative descriptive research using library study methods has a vital role in understanding the importance of the human rights movement in the United States, especially from the abolition period to the civil rights movement (1865-1968). This research makes it possible to reveal the journey of struggle and the impact of the human rights movement in the United States during that period.

The importance of the human rights movement in the United States can be understood through qualitative descriptive research using the literature study method because, through this approach, researchers can explore scientific literature, historical documents, journals, and case studies relevant to the period and movement being studied. By understanding the journey from abolition to the civil rights movement, this research can identify the role this movement played in changing and shaping the legal system and society in the United States.

Through this research, we can reveal the significance of the human rights movement in the United States, such as the role of abolitionists in ending slavery, the struggle for civil rights, and the elimination of racial segregation. This research can also discuss the movement's positive impact on society and daily life in the United States, such as increasing equality, social inclusion, and protecting human rights.

Thus, qualitative descriptive research using the literature study method illustrates the importance of the human rights movement in the United States, from abolition to the civil rights movement. This approach allows researchers to present a deep and comprehensive understanding of the course of this movement and its impact on society and the United States' legal system.

 

 

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION          

The abolition movement in the United States influenced the struggle to abolish the system of slavery and fight for human rights.

The abolition movement in the United States was a prolonged struggle to abolish slavery and fight for human rights from 1865 to 1968. This movement included the efforts of various activist groups that aimed to provide freedom and equality to all citizens of the United States, regardless of age—race, gender, or religion.

This period of history began after the American Civil War, which resulted in a victory for the Union in maintaining unity and abolishing slavery in the country. However, although slavery was officially abolished, the continued racial system in American society limited the rights and freedoms of black people. The abolition movement is essential in maintaining momentum and demanding more significant changes to a system that ignores human rights.

One of the leading figures in the abolition movement was Frederick Douglass. Douglass, a formerly enslaved person who managed to escape to the North and became a renowned speaker, was a powerful voice in advocating the need for the abolition of slavery and equal rights for all citizens. Through his writings, speeches, and advocacy activities, Douglass inspired many people to join the abolition movement and fight against a system that dehumanizes humans.

In addition to Douglass, the abolition movement comprised groups such as the National Anti-Slavery Society, the American Anti-Slavery Society, and the Underground Railroad. These organizations focused on spreading information about slavery and pressing for its eradication throughout the country. The Underground Railroad was a secret network created to help enslaved people escape to free states or Canada. Many members of the abolition movement took significant risks by sacrificing their own lives and freedom to help people escape slavery.

During this period, the abolition movement also influenced United States politics. The Republican Party, formed in 1854 with the primary goal of ending slavery in the United States, enjoyed significant support from abolitionists. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, he became the first Republican president and attempted to end slavery gradually. Civil war then erupted between the states that supported slavery (the Confederacy) and the states that opposed it (the Union). The Union triumphed with the eventual signing of Amendment 13 in 1865, which officially abolished slavery in the United States.

However, even though slavery has been officially abolished, the enjoyment of human rights for formerly enslaved people and black people continues as a result of an ongoing discriminatory system. During the Reconstruction era (1865-1877), there were efforts to advance the civil and political rights of blacks through Amendments 14 and 15. However, the Reconstruction era was ended by the periodization of Jim Crow rule, which imposed racial segregation, restrictions on voter rights, and oppression of black people.

The abolition movement again responded to these injustices. It continued to play a role in the civil rights struggle during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Significant progress was made during this period, including the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, which overturned racial segregation in schools, and the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott decision, which sparked further resistance to discrimination in public transportation.

After World War II, the civil rights movement grew more muscular, with figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm taking place. The peak of this movement was the March on Washington in 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered the historic "I Have a Dream" speech, calling on the country to fight racial injustice and uphold human rights for all people.

In 1964, Amendment 24 was adopted, which prohibited the payment of taxes related to elections as a condition for the right to vote. That same year, the Civil Rights Act was passed, prohibiting racial discrimination in employment, public facilities, housing, and education. The same year, Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his determined struggle for equality and justice.

The struggle to abolish slavery and fight for human rights in the abolition movement in the United States remained relevant until 1968. At this time, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot to death in Memphis, Tennessee, making him one of the most famous victims of violence experienced by civil rights activists. King's assassination rocked the nation and became an essential signal for the need for further systemic change in addressing racial injustice and discrimination.

Although the abolition movement in the United States has aimed to abolish slavery and fight for human rights for over a hundred years, the journey to achieving equality and justice remains a challenge for this nation. The abolition movement paved the way for significant changes in abolishing slavery and providing recognition that all people, regardless of race or background, have equal rights. However, much work remains to be done to ensure the full realization of these rights and to realize the vision inherited by para-abolitionists and civil rights activists who fought for centuries.

The Development of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States Played an Important Role in the Fight for Equal Rights and the Elimination of Racial Discrimination

The civil rights movement in the United States has played an essential role in fighting for equal rights and eliminating racial discrimination. Since the early 19th century, the movement has fought to end the unfair treatment of black people and other minorities, as well as equal civil rights for all citizens of the United States.

The development of the civil rights movement in the United States began in the 19th century with the abolitionist movement, which aimed to end slavery. In 1865, the American Civil War ended with a Northern victory and the passage of the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery throughout the country. However, even though slavery was officially abolished, racial discrimination still existed in the form of Jim Crow laws that separated blacks and whites in many aspects of daily life.

In the early 20th century, the civil rights movement grew with the rise of leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. Washington emphasized education and economic empowerment as ways to achieve advancement for blacks. In contrast, Du Bois emphasized higher education and political participation. The movement peaked in the 1950s and 1960s with the rise of leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X.

During this period, the civil rights movement in the United States organized peaceful protests, boycott campaigns, and civil actions aimed at ending racial discrimination. One of the most historic moments in the movement's history was the Washington March for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. In 1964, the United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act prohibiting racial discrimination in employment, housing, and public facilities.

The civil rights movement also played an essential role in fighting for voting rights for black people. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act, banning discriminatory practices such as intelligence tests and vote taxes that were used to prevent blacks from voting. This law opened the door to broader political participation for black people and other minorities.

Apart from that, the civil rights movement also played a role in fighting for eliminating racial segregation in education. In 1954, the United States Supreme Court decided Brown v. The Board of Education declared that racial segregation in education was unconstitutional. This decision paved the way for racial integration in United States schools.

The development of the civil rights movement in the United States not only influenced changes in law and policy but also changed public perception and awareness about the importance of equal rights and the elimination of racial discrimination. This movement has inspired civil rights movements in other countries worldwide. It has become an important example in the fight against injustice and discrimination.

The Role of Martin Luther King Jr. And Rosa Parks In The Civil Rights Movement In The United States

Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks were essential figures in the civil rights movement in the United States. King was a significant leader who advocated peaceful change and non-violence. He fought to eliminate racial segregation and achieve equality for all people. Rosa Parks, through her courageous actions against segregation on buses, became a symbol of resistance and sparked the bus boycott movement, which had a significant impact on changing laws and eradicating segregation in Montgomery.

The history of the United States would only be complete considering the roles played by influential figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks in the civil rights movement. During the period from 1865 to 1968, they fought tenaciously to eliminate racial discrimination and fight for equal human rights for all people.

The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in 1865-1968 focused on the struggle against racial discrimination that dominated society. After the abolition of slavery by the 13th Amendment in 1865, civil rights activists sought to address the racial segregation, social inequality, and violations of fundamental rights faced by African Americans. Amid this movement, Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks emerged as iconic figures who played an essential role in fighting injustice and bringing about change in the social and political system of the United States.

Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. As a Baptist minister, King greatly influenced and mobilized the fight against discrimination and systemic racism in the United States. He emphasized the importance of civil rights and made a difference in the movement through his peaceful and non-violent approach. King pushed for change through his historic speeches, often using powerful and persuasive rhetoric. His famous speech, "I Have a Dream," delivered at the 1963 March in Washington DC, symbolized the struggle against racial discrimination and inspired a fighting spirit among black citizens.

Martin Luther King Jr. was a famous Baptist minister and civil rights activist. He became the main face and driving force of the civil rights movement that sought to end racial segregation in the United States. One of King's prominent roles was to lead non-violent movements and peaceful civil resistance. He inspired millions through his famous speeches, such as "I Have a Dream," delivered at the March on Washington in 1963. King pushed for racial equality, civil liberties, and equal protection of the law for all people, regardless of race.

Rosa Parks was also an essential figure in the civil rights movement in the United States. In 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. His actions sparked a ten-month boycott of the Montgomery bus system. They brought significant changes in the fight against racial segregation. Parks is considered the mother of the civil rights movement because of her acts of courage that inspired and motivated many people to fight against discrimination. Through her resistance, Parks showed that one ordinary person can change history and influence the fight for equality and justice.

The Role of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks in the civil rights movement in the United States was vital. They not only led the fight against discrimination but also inspired millions of people to stand together, demand change, and fight injustice. Their contributions helped accelerate social and political change in the United States, resulting in legislation that protected civil rights and ended racial segregation. Their courage has inspired many figures and movements fighting for human rights worldwide.

One of the crucial moments in King's struggle was when he led a movement to fight discrimination in public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. On December 1, 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This action violated the rules of racial segregation at that time. Parks was arrested, and this incident sparked protests and boycotts of bus companies in Montgomery. Martin Luther King Jr. played a central role in the 381-day bus boycott. This boycott was the first step toward significant changes in civil rights policy and the fight against racial segregation in America.

King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in 1957 as a platform for advocacy and education regarding civil rights. This organization is vital in driving change and mobilizing the masses through election campaigns, protests, and demonstrations. King taught the principles of freedom and racial equality and advocated for change through non-violent methods.

During his career, King organized many important demonstrations, such as the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963. In it, King delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech, which conveyed his aspirations and dreams for racial equality and justice. This speech became famous worldwide and became a symbol of struggle and inspiration for the civil rights movement.

However, on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was shot dead in Memphis, Tennessee. The killer is thought to be a white racist who disagreed with King's struggle to end racial segregation in the United States. This murder shook the country and caused unrest throughout the country. Although King has passed away, his legacy as one of the most influential leaders in the civil rights movement lives on today.

Rosa Parks also played a crucial role in the civil rights movement. He was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Rosa Parks was a social activist and civil rights fighter who became famous for her protest on the Montgomery bus in 1955. This action symbolized courage and firmness in fighting racial segregation in the United States.

Parks was arrested and charged with violating segregation laws in Montgomery. This incident shocked and awakened the fighting spirit of black Americans. His actions catalyzed the civil rights movement and sparked the bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. This boycott lasted 381 days and ended when the United States Supreme Court declared segregation in public transportation illegal in 1956.

Rosa Parks' courage and role in starting the bus boycott in Montgomery fought injustice. They became a source of inspiration for the civil rights movement in the United States. He became a symbol of black resistance to segregation and racial discrimination.

After succeeding in the Montgomery Bus Boycott movement, Parks moved to Detroit, Michigan, in 1957. There, he worked as an assistant to a lawmaker and continued to fight for civil rights and influence broader change. In her role, Parks shows that one individual can change the world if she has determination and fights injustice with courageous and persistent actions.

In 1999, Rosa Parks was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. In 2005, he faced retirement and sadly passed away on October 24 of that year. Her legacy as the "Mother of the Civil Rights Movement" is honored today.

Overall, the role of Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from 1865-1968 is vital. Both were leaders who fought for civil rights racial equality, and against the systemic discrimination that plagued society at that time. Through a peaceful and courageous approach, they succeeded in mobilizing society and achieving significant social change.

The Influence and Impact of Legislation and Court Decisions in the United States During the Period of Struggle in the Human Rights and Civil Rights Movements

During the period from 1865 to 1968 in the United States, legislation and court decisions had a significant impact on the struggles of the civil rights and civil rights movements. Through legal measures and court decisions, the human rights and civil rights movements succeeded in exposing the injustice of slavery, changing society's views, and fighting for the establishment of equal rights for all citizens, especially those who were previously enslaved.

Early in this period, the 13th Amendment, adopted in 1865, effectively abolished slavery throughout the United States. This step provided liberation for millions of black people who previously lived in slave conditions and made society aware of the cruelty and hatred behind the slavery system. The 13th Amendment was an essential first step in voicing human rights and raising awareness about the need to end the system of slavery that ignored individual dignity and freedom.

The 14th Amendment also played a crucial legislative role, passed in 1868. This Amendment granted equal citizenship rights to all people in the United States, including the right to protection of the law and equality before the law. This strengthened the human rights movement's efforts to achieve equality regardless of race, as well as creating awareness about the importance of protecting individual rights and fighting racial discrimination.

The courts also played a vital role in the struggle for human and civil rights during this period. Famous court decisions such as Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) greatly influenced the struggle of the human rights movement. The Dred Scott case decided that blacks did not have citizenship rights and could not file lawsuits. This decision illustrated the racist attitudes embedded in the justice system of the time. It prompted the human rights movement to challenge these views.

However, the court decision that had the most impact in awakening the public was the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in legally equal public places ("separate but equal") did not violate the Constitution. This ruling gave legal legitimacy to the longstanding practice of segregation in the United States, separating blacks and whites in many aspects of daily life. However, this decision also raised a deep awareness of the injustice and hatred involved in the existing system of racialization. Fighting for equal rights and eliminating racial segregation were goals that the rapidly growing civil rights movement continued to strive for.

In the legislative context, significant steps were taken through the civil rights movement, which resulted in several important laws, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibited racial discrimination in employment, education, housing, and public facilities. This law was an important milestone in efforts to move closer to equal rights and eliminate ongoing practices of racial discrimination. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, on the other hand, guaranteed and protected voting rights for Black people by prohibiting voter discriminatory practices such as unfair choice tests and restrictions on access to the polls.

During the period from 1865 to 1968, legislation and court decisions in the United States had a significant impact on the struggles of the human rights and civil rights movements, especially in terms of making society aware of the cruelty of slavery and encouraging the abolition of the system. Here is a look at the impact of legislation and court decisions on that struggle:

1.     13th Amendment (1865): The 13th Amendment was adopted after the end of the American Civil War, and it was a crucial first step in the struggle for human and civil rights. This Amendment officially abolished slavery throughout the United States and provided freedom for millions of previously enslaved black people. This step marks a transition towards a national commitment to fight for equal rights and protection for all citizens.

2.     14th Amendment (1868): The 14th Amendment was instrumental in strengthening legal protections for citizens who were racially discriminated against. This Amendment provides equal citizenship rights for all persons in the United States, including the right to the protection of the law and equality before the law. This ensured that black people had the same legal protection as white people.

3.     15th Amendment (187): The 15th Amendment prohibited voter discrimination based on race, securing voting rights for black men. Although the 15th Amendment removed constitutional barriers to black voting rights, the measure was still faced with many practical challenges at the state level, such as unfair choice tests and voter intimidation. However, this Amendment remains an important milestone that gave the civil rights movement the impetus to fight for and preserve black voting rights.

4.     Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in legally equal public places (in the terms "separate but equal") did not violate the Constitution. This decision gave legal legitimacy to the longstanding practice of segregation throughout the United States, separating blacks and whites in many aspects of daily life, including in education and public transportation. This decision created systematic inequality and provided a platform for the civil rights movement to challenge these policies of racial segregation.

5.     Brown v. Board of Education (1954): In this landmark case, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. This decision ended the policy of racial segregation in schools. It opened the door to greater racial integration in American society. This decision was crucial in changing legal and societal views on racial segregation. It was an impetus for the civil rights movement to continue fighting for equality in all areas.

In addition to this legislation and court decisions, there were also several vital laws adopted during this period, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which provided stronger legal protections for discriminated citizens, as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which prohibited racial discrimination in public places. However, these two laws were later overturned by the courts and needed to be more effective in protecting civil rights.

The struggles of the civil rights and civil rights movements in the United States intensified from 1865 to 1968 due to legislation and court decisions that influenced steps toward equality. Ultimately, legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided more robust measures in combating racial discrimination and ensuring the protection of citizens' rights. Despite the positive impacts, the struggle of the human rights and civil rights movements continued after this period. Although legislation and court decisions provide essential foundations, further efforts are needed to achieve true equality and eliminate the racial discrimination that still exists today.

 

CONCLUSION

The civil rights movement in the United States in 1865-1968 focused on the struggle against racial discrimination. Iconic figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks played an essential role in this movement. King took a peaceful, non-violent approach to his struggle. At the same time, Parks sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Through legislation and court decisions, the human rights and civil rights movements successfully fought for racial equality and an end to racial segregation. The importance of the civil rights movement in the United States, from the abolition period to the civil rights movement (1865-1968), cannot be understated. This struggle plays a vital role in shaping a society that is more just, inclusive, and respects the rights of individuals regardless of race or social status. Through this movement, there was a struggle for several crucial issues, including the abolition of slavery, achieving racial equality, protecting civil rights, and eliminating racial segregation.

The civil rights movement began with the abolition movement aimed at ending slavery in the United States. This movement began a historical change in paving the way for freedom and equal human rights regardless of skin color. This struggle opened a critical discourse about respecting and treating all humans as equals. Through this movement, the United States succeeded in banning slavery and placing it as legally prohibited. The years following abolition continued to see struggles to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was an essential milestone in defining this struggle. The peak of this movement occurred in the 195s and 196s with iconic figures such as Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks. This movement challenged racial segregation in American society and pushed for social change and more inclusive policies. Considered a historic moment in American history, the civil rights movement successfully influenced policy, legislative, and social changes to create a more just and inclusive society. The importance of the human rights movement, from abolition to the civil rights movement, was not only limited to the United States but also had a much broader impact. This movement has influenced and inspired human rights movements throughout the world. The values of equality, justice, and human dignity fought for in this movement have become benchmarks for human rights movements in many countries.

 

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